In the new GME, time derivatives of population on each quantum state of the molecule, as well as the tunneling current, are calculated as the convolution of time non-local memory kernels with populations on all system states. We derive a set of generalized master equations (GMEs) to study charge transport dynamics in molecular junctions using the Nakajima–Zwanzig–Mori projection operator approach. ![]() Assessing the interaction of FDI with absorptive capacities/host country characteristics to study its growth impact in BRICS using long data and robust panel data methodology is an original contribution of this paper toward the existing body of knowledge. Very few studies have been conducted to examine the growth effect of FDI in BRICS economies, which are considered to be the fastest-growing economies and dominant players in the global investment landscape. The study has implications for policy makers of BRICS countries who are suggested to work toward the development of financial markets, trade liberalization and human capital development to realize the positive growth impact of FDI. FDI on interacting with financial development, trade openness and human capital exerts a positive impact on the economic growth of BRICS economies, and on interacting with economic instability (inflation), FDI has a negative impact on growth. The findings revealed that FDI does not exert a significant impact on the economic growth of BRICS individually but has a significant growth impact only in presence of host country characteristics. The interaction effect has been studied to examine the growth impact of FDI in presence of host country characteristics. The panel data for the variables under study, collected from World Investment Reports published by World Bank, are analyzed using feasible generalized least squares method to examine the relationship between the dependent and explanatory variables over the period 1987–2018. This study aims to assess the impact of foreign direct investment (FDI) on growth in presence of host country characteristics, namely, economic stability, human capital, financial development and trade openness, in the fastest emerging Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa (BRICS) economies, considered to be significant FDI destinations. The study recommends supporting the indigenous adaptation techniques of maize farmers from a variety of institutional, policy, and technological angles, both at the farmer and farm levels. ![]() The econometric model's findings showed that the primary variables influencing farmers' decisions were age, gender, education, farm size, animal ownership, and poverty. Accordingly, 92.8% of farmers have developed their best adaptation, primarily through the combination of crops and livestock (24%) and the adoption of enhanced maize varieties (20.8%). Reduced maize yields (78%) and declining soil fertility (83%) were the two biggest effects of climate change perceived by the farmers. The findings show that farmers' perceptions of rising temperatures and weather data matched however, there was a discrepancy between perception and rainfall records. The majority of households (91.2%) believed that climate change is occurring, and its main symptoms include unpredictable rainfall (88.4%), warming temperatures (83.2%), and more frequent droughts (79.2%). Descriptive statistics were used to evaluate the data on socioeconomic characteristics, and the multinomial logistic model was used to identify the factors influencing farmers' decisions to adapt. ![]() 250 maize farmers were used as samples for the collection of primary data. The objectives of this study were to evaluate farmers' perceptions of climate change, identify the local adaptation techniques they used, and pinpoint the major socio-economic challenges they faced when putting those strategies into practice. Farmers’ decisions about how to adapt to climate change are influenced by socioeconomic setups and local institutions. Rain-based agriculture is highly vulnerable to climate variability and change.
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